Glaciers and ice streams flowing over sediment beds commonly have a layer of ice-rich debris adhered to their base, known as a “frozen fringe,” but its impact on basal friction is unknown. We simulated basal slip over ...

Deformation of subglacial sediment during basal slip shapes the beds of many fast-flowing glaciers and ice streams. The resultant sediment flux impacts glacier dynamics and rates of subglacial erosion over a range of ...